Skincare

It happens when pores get clogged with excess oil, dead skin, and bacteria — often driven by hormones or stress. It's not about cleanliness, despite what people think.

Usually old breakouts or sun exposure without protection. Skin overproduces melanin where it was stressed, and the colour lingers until it slowly fades.

A toner should balance skin, not strip oil. Look for alcohol-free formulas with salicylic acid, not a harsh astringent that over-dries and makes things worse.

For brightening, start with vitamin C in the morning. If your skin is sensitive or prone to redness, niacinamide is gentler and works day or night. You don't have to pick one forever.

It's not really a competition. Sunscreen prevents new damage and is a daily must; serum treats an existing concern. If you can only choose one, start with sunscreen.